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Although this chapter focuses on the influence of exercise on psychological well-being, many highly competitive athletes confront psychological issues when they transition out of sport. Much has been written and many models have been developed regarding the psychological issues that occur when transitioning out of competitive sport (Alferman & Stambulova, 2007; Lavalle, Park, & Tod, 2013; Stambulova, Alfermann, Statler, & Cote, 2009).
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As highlighted in the previous section, knowing the client is key to maximising motivation when it comes to exercise. This section aims to progress this forward by outlining key behavioural strategies that could be used to enhance motivation towards exercising.
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Collaboration is a guiding principle for me and for many others who use motivational interviewing (MI), and it guides my approach as a practitioner by ensuring that I do not take the expert role and make clients passive recipients of instructions for their own changes.
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Before we consider the application of motivational interviewing (MI) and its components, it is worth exploring some of the traps to avoid in consultations in order to support the development of an MI approach. Miller and Rollnick (2002) suggested that early in a consultation, avoiding these common pitfalls is important for creating an empathetic, respectful, and fruitful relationship that is a partnership toward change.
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The skeletal muscles can be divided into three groups (figure 2.5): 1. Muscles governing movement of the upper extremities. 2. Muscles governing moment of the trunk and spine (including breathing musculature). 3. Muscles governing movement of the lower extremities.
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Presence is the starting place for helpful and healing alliances with our clients. Freud (1912/1958) described this stance a century ago, well before the advent of mindfulness approaches in psychotherapy: "It rejects the use of any special expedient (even that of taking notes). It consists simply in not directing one’s notice to anything in particular and in maintaining the same ’evenly suspended attention’ in the face of all that one hears."
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Most authors in the health and exercise psychology literature do not differentiate between personality traits and other personal characteristics called orientations and styles (terms that are used interchangeably), but there are stark differences between the two.
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Exercise is challenging, no question about it. People who have spent years leading a sedentary lifestyle cannot expect to strengthen muscles, make new demands on the heart and lungs, lose weight, and reach performance goals in just a few weeks.
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In addition to stress, sport psychologists working with injured athletes have identified certain attitudes that predispose players to injury. Rotella and Heyman (1986) observed that attitudes held by some coaches - such as "Act tough and always give 110%" or "If you’re injured, you’re worthless" - can increase the probability of athlete injury.
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Levin (2001) concluded from his review of the religion and health literature that “nearly every religion espouses beliefs that govern behavior regarding health, disease, and death [and] some religions require behaviors related to health while others forbid behaviors related to health or medical care” (p. 22).
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Resistance training methods refer to the strategy used for organising training sessions. Methods should be selected by the strength zone and goals of the workout.
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Each of us develops a personal view of how motivation works, our own model on what motivates people. We are likely to do this by learning what motivates us and by observing how other people are motivated. For instance, if someone has a physical education teacher she likes and believes is successful, she will probably try to use or emulate many of the same motivational strategies that the teacher uses.
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