Competitive Anxiety in Sport (Paper) - Damon Burton, Rainer Martens, Robin Vealey

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Competitive Anxiety in Sport (Paper)

By Rainer Martens, Robin Vealey, Damon Burton

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Book 288 pages

ISBN-13: 9780873229357

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Competitive Anxiety in Sport is a comprehensive review of competitive anxiety research that has used the Sport Competition Anxiety Test, or SCAT (a trait scale), and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). This book describes the theoretical basis and development procedures for each scale, including detailed information on reliability and validity.

Competitive Anxiety in Sport outlines directions for future research using SCAT. In addition, the book features the full original report on the development of the CSAI-2 and instructions for using it.

Competitive Anxiety in Sport concludes with a theory of competitive anxiety based on an interaction between uncertainty about the outcome and the importance assigned to that outcome. The reader is invited to test the theory and challenged to replace it with a better one.

The actual scales for both SCAT and the CSAI-2 are contained in the text, and readers are encouraged to photocopy these scales for research purposes without further written permission. With these ready-to-use tools, sport psychology researchers, teachers, and students have everything they need to test the authors` theory and arrive at their own conclusions about the causes of competitive anxiety and how to address them.

This extension of and replacement for Martens`s original competitive anxiety monograph published in 1977 also features the following:

The test construction procedures with complete results of the reliability and validity of each scale
Extensive reviews of 88 studies using SCAT and 16 using the CSAI-2
New, more comprehensive norms for SCAT and the CSAI-2
A new theory of competitive anxiety that synthesizes the findings and offers direction for future investigation

Competitive Anxiety in Sport is an essential reference for any research sport psychologist who is investigating competitive anxiety. Clinical sport psychologists will also find this book helpful in understanding the causes of competitive anxiety.

Contents

Part I. Development and Validation of the Sport Competition Anxiety Test
Chapter 1. Anxiety in Sport

Competitive Anxiety Terminology
Competitive Anxiety Model
Glossary of Competitive Anxiety Terms
Summary

Chapter 2. Competitive Trait Anxiety

The Interactional Paradigm
General Anxiety Versus Situation-Specific Anxiety
A Trait-State Theory of Anxiety
The Competitive Process
Applying the Competitive Process Model to Competitive Anxiety Summary

Chapter 3. Development of SCAT

Planning the Inventory
Item Selection
Reliability
Internal Consistency
Validity
Summary

Chapter 4. Construct Validation of SCAT

Construct Validation Model
Original Construct Validation Research
Summary

Chapter 5. Using SCAT and SCAT Norms

Administration of SCAT
Scoring SCAT
SCAT Norms

Part II. Sport Competition Anxiety Test: Literature Review, Current Status, and Future Directions
Chapter 6. Research Using SCAT: Review and Analysis

Additional Psychometric Research
An Expanded Model of Competitive Anxiety
Relationship Between Competitive A-Trait and Other Intrapersonal Factors
Perception of Threat: A Result of Competitive A-Trait and Situational Factors
Influence of Perception of Threat on State Responses
Competitive A-Trait and Motor Performance
Influence of Competitive A-Trait and Performance on Performance Outcomes
Influence of Performance Outcomes on Competitive A-Trait Intervention
Coaches` Ability to Predict Competitive A-Trait and A-State in Athletes
Summary

Chapter 7. SCAT: Conclusions, Problems, and Future Directions

Conclusions Drawn From Research Using SCAT
Problems in SCAT Research
Future Directions for SCAT Research
Summary

Part III. Development and Validation of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2
Rainer Martens, Damon Burton, Robin S. Vealey, Linda A. Bump, and Daniel E. Smith
Chapter 8. A Multidimensional Theory of Competitive State Anxiety

Cognitive and Somatic A-State Defined
Significance of the Cognitive-Somatic Distinction
Independence of Cognitive and Somatic A-State
Summary

Chapter 9. Development of the CSAI-2

Development and Analysis of Form A
Form B
Form C
Form D
Reliability
Concurrent Validity
Independence of the CSAI-2 Subscales
Social Desirability and the Development of Form E
Summary

Chapter 10. Construct Validation of the CSAI-2

Study 1: Variables Influencing Competitive A-State
Study 2: Changes in Competitive A-State as the Time to Compete Nears
Study 3: The Relationship Between Performance and the CSAI-2 Subscales
Study 4: The Relationship Between CSAI-2 Subscales and a More Sensitive
Intraindividual Performance Measure
Summary

Chapter 11. Using the CSAI-2 and CSAI-2 Norms

Administration of the CSAI-2
The Inventory
Scoring the CSAI-2
CSAI-2 Norms

Part IV. Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2: Literature Review, Current Status, and Future Directions
Chapter 12. Research Using the CSAI-2: Review and Analysis

Relationships Between CSAI-2 Components and Other Intrapersonal Factors
Interrelationships Between CSAI-2 Components
Temporal Changes in CSAI-2 Components
Antecedents of CSAI-2 Components
Relationship Between CSAI-2 Components and Motor Performance Effect of Intervention on the CSAI-2 Components
Summary

Chapter 13. CSAI-2: Conclusions, Problems, and Future Directions

Conclusions Drawn From Research Using the CSAI-2
Problems in CSAI-2 Research
Future Directions for CSAI-2 Research
Summary

Part V. Concluding With a Theory
Chapter 14. A Theory of Competitive Anxiety

Basic Propositions
Causes of Competitive A-State
Reciprocal Influence of Uncertainty and Importance
Consensual Validation
Reduction of Uncertainty
Reduction of Importance
Questions Regarding Competitive A-Trait
Stress Management and the Theory of Competitive Anxiety
Summary

Appendix A. Published Empirical Studies Using SCAT
Appendix B. Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations Using SCAT
Appendix C. Published Empirical Studies Using the CSAI-2 References

Author Index
Subject Index

Audiences

Reference for sport psychologists and athletes.

Rainer Martens, PhD, is the developer of the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), the first instrument to assess sport-specific anxiety. A sport psychologist for more than 20 years and a professor in the Department of Kinesiology at the University of Illinois, Dr. Martens is widely recognized for his research on competitive anxiety. He lectured on the subject in the Soviet Union as the first American sport psychologist to visit that country. Dr. Martens is the past president of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity and the recipient of the Distinguished Alumnus Award from Emporia State University. He is the author of numerous books on coaching and sport psychology and is president of Human Kinetics Publishers. Away from his professional responsibilities, Dr. Martens enjoys jogging, biking, and handball.

Robin S. Vealey, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Physical Education, Health, and Sport Studies at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. She earned her PhD in sport psychology at the University of Illinois, where she concentrated her research on competitive anxiety and self-confidence under the direction of Dr. Martens. Dr. Vealey serves on the executive board of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology and the editorial boards of the Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, The Sport Psychologist, and the Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. She enjoys a variety of sports and fitness activities, including racquetball, basketball, golf, biking, and swimming. As an accomplished athlete, Dr. Vealey admits to firsthand knowledge of competitive anxiety!

Like his coauthor Robin Vealey, Damon Burton, PhD, studied for his PhD under the tutelage of Dr. Martens at the University of Illinois. His research activities focused heavily on the development and validation of the CSAI-2, as well as a goal-setting program designed to reduce anxiety among collegiate swimmers. Dr. Burton is an associate professor of sport psychology at the University of Idaho.

"I am not aware of any other such extensive treatment of competitive anxiety from a scientific viewpoint. This alone is sufficient reason to read this book. . . . I would use it not only in my practice, but particularly in the training of graduate students."
AAASP Newsletter

"This volume constitutes a notable contribution to the scientific literature on anxiety in sport. It is at once a comprehensive test manual for several of the more widely used measures of sport-specific state and trait anxiety, a valuable reference work that reviews several decades of research on sport-related anxiety, and a strong theoretical statement. Sport psychology researchers and consultants will find this book invaluable."
Ron E. Smith, PhD
Professor of Psychology, University of Washington