Long-Term Athlete Development describes how to systematically develop sporting excellence and increase active participation in local, regional, and national sport organizations. This resource describes the long-term athlete development (LTAD) model, an approach to athlete-centered sport that combines skill instruction with long-term planning and an understanding of human development. By learning about LTAD, sport administrators and coaches will gain the knowledge and tools to enhance participation and improve performance and growth of athletes.
This text offers the first in-depth and practical explanation of the LTAD model.
Long-Term Athlete Development integrates current research on talent development and assessment into practice to help sport leaders plan athletic development across the life span or design detailed programs for a particular group, including those with physical and cognitive disabilities. Authors Balyi, Way, and Higgs—pioneers and veteran LTAD facilitators—critique current talent development models, discuss the limitations of the LTAD model, and demonstrate the benefits of LTAD as a new approach. By integrating knowledge of these models, readers are able to analyze their own programs and take steps to improve sport and coaching philosophies and reach adherence and performance goals.
Explanations and visuals of concepts help readers understand the state of knowledge in talent identification and long-term athlete development. Chapter-opening vignettes offer examples of how the LTAD model can be used to alleviate common issues. Listings at the end of each chapter offer sources for further study, and reflection questions guide readers in applying the content. The text offers a logical presentation of current research:
- Key factors that guide and shape the LTAD model, such as physical literacy, the differences between early- and late-specialization sports, and variations in trainability across the life span
- Information on the time needed to develop excellence in sport and how periodization of training is related to the developmental stage of the athlete
- The seven stages of LTAD, from development of fundamental movement skills to training for elite competition and the transition to lifelong physical activity
- Considerations in the development of optimal programs for participants passing through each of the seven stages
Long-Term Athlete Development is an essential guide to improving the quality of sport, developing high-performance athletes, and creating healthy, active citizens. It offers parents, coaches, and sport administrators a deeper understanding of the LTAD model, helping them create an enjoyable, developmentally appropriate environment for both competitive athletes and enthusiastic participants.
Preface
Part I. Introduction to Long-Term Athlete Development
Chapter 1. Long-Term Athlete Deveopment Model
Beginnings of LTAD
LTAD Model Explained
Sport for Life Philosophy
Framework for Working Together
Guide for Participating in Sport and Physical Activity
Tool for Change
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Chapter 2. Athletes With Disabilities
Sport for People With Disabilities
LTAD Stages for Athletes With Disabilities
Special Considerations
Supporting Athletes With Disabilities
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Part II. Key Factors in Long-Term Athlete Development
Chapter 3. Physical Literacy
Physical Literacy Definitions
Physical Literacy Development in Children
Appropriate Skill Development in Children
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Chapter 4. Specialization
Specialization Defined
Negative Consequences of Specializing Too Early
Positive Effects of Specialization at the Optimal Time
Optimal Time to Specialize
Specialization Groups
Sport-Specific Specialization Athlete Development Models
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Chapter 5. Age
Age Categories
Relative Age
Developmental Age
Measuring and Monitoring Growth
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Chapter 6. Trainability
Sensitive Periods of Trainability
Trainability of Stamina
Trainability of Strength
Trainability of Speed
Trainability of Skill
Trainability of Suppleness
Training and Competition During Puberty
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Chapter 7. Intellectual, Emotional, and Moral Development
Capacities
Interplay of Intellectual, Emotional and Moral Development
Physical Development
Intellectual Development
Emotional Development
Moral Development
Influence of Intellectual, Emotional, and Moral Development on LTAD
Learning Styles
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Chapter 8. Excellence Takes Time
Importance of Practice in Excellence
Importance of Multisport Participation and Free Play
Importance of the Physical, Cognitive, and Emotional Domains to Excellence
Perils of Premature Selection
Keys to Achieving Necessary Training Hours
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Chapter 9. Periodization
Periodization and LTAD
Components of Periodization
10-Step Approach to Creating an Annual Plan
Implementing the 10 Steps of an Annual Cycle
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Chapter 10. Competition
Competition and LTAD
Issues in Competition
Making Good Decisions
Training-to-Competition Ratios Through the Stages
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Chapter 11. Sport System Alignment and Integration
System Alignment From an Individual Perspective
System Alignment From a Sport Organization Perspective
System Alignment From a Sector Perspective
LTAD and S4LImplications for Policy Development
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Chapter 12. Continuous Improvement
Technology Changes
Paradigm Changes
Influencing Change
Actions for Continuous Improvement
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Part III. Stages of Long-Term Athlete Development
Chapter 13. Active Start
Active Start Importance
Physical Activity and the Brain
Critical and Sensitive Periods
Maturity and Body Movements
Appropriate Activities and Programs
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Chapter 14. Fundamentals
Evolution of Skills
Fundamental Movement Skills
Locomotor Skills in Varied Environments
Attaining All of the Fundamental Movement Skills
Learning and Teaching Fundamental Movement Skills
Key Training and Performance Characteristics
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Chapter 15. Learn to Train
Learn to Train Basics
Key Training and Performance Characteristics
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Chapter 16. Train to Train
Train to Train Basics
Key Training and Performance Characteristics
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Chapter 17. Train to Compete
Train to Compete Basics
Key Training and Performance Characteristics
Summary
Questions for Reflection
Summary
To Learn More
Chapter 18. Train to Win
Train to Win Basics
Key Training and Performance Characteristics
Summary
Questions for Reflection
Summary
To Learn More
Chapter 19. Active for Life
Active for Life Basics
Importance of Active for Life
Competitive for Life Basics
Fit for Life Basics
Sport and Physical Activity Leaders
Summary
Questions for Reflection
References
To Learn More
Epilogue
Appendix A: Yearly Training Chart
Appendix B: Step-by-Step Process for Creating an Annual Training, Competition, and Recovery Program for Developing Athletes
Index
About the Authors
Reference for youth sport organizers and administrators, coaches,
national governing bodies, and policy makers involved in sport and
physical activity at the regional and national levels; text for
undergraduate students in coaching and talent development courses in
sport science programs.
Istvan Balyi, MA, is a sport consultant and expert in Canadian
Sport for Life and long-term athlete development. Balyi has served as a
sport scientist in residence at the National Coaching Institute in
Victoria, British Columbia, and remains involved in the program delivery
of planning and periodization and LTAD.
As one of the architects of the long-term athlete development model,
Balyi has served as an LTAD advisor for 50 sports in 7 countries and
facilitated the use of LTAD for more than 20 countries. Balyi has worked
with 17 Canadian national teams as a high-performance consultant and
been responsible for athletic development planning and periodization for
multiple Olympic medalists. In addition, Balyi has taught planning,
periodization, and LTAD modules in Australia, Bahrain, Chile, England,
Ireland, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Portugal, Scotland, Singapore,
South Africa, the United Sates, the Netherlands, and Wales.
Balyi resides in Victoria, British Columbia, where he enjoys reading,
listening to music, and cooking.
Richard Way, MBA, is Canadian Sport for Life’s Senior Leader and
is an expert on long-term athlete development. He is also a principal of
Citius Performance Corporation and serves on the faculty of the
Institute for Global Studies at the University of Delaware.
Way developed the LTAD model along with Istvan Balyi and has served as a
long-term athlete development advisor for 30 sports in 4 countries. He
has also facilitated the use of LTAD in over 50 countries.
As a chartered professional coach, Way represented Canada as a luge
racer and coach for over 10 years. Way holds a Medal of Honor for
Exceptional Contributions to the Development of the International Luge
Sport awarded by the Federation Internationale de Luge de Course (FIL).
He received his advanced diploma in coaching in 2005 from the National
Coaching Institute.
Way is president of the International Sport for Life Society. He was
also the director of sport for Vancouver’s successful 2010 Bid
Corporation. Way enjoys spending time with his children in community
sports, traveling, and playing soccer and hockey. He resides in
Victoria, British Columbia.
Colin Higgs, PhD, is a sport consultant and expert in long-term
athlete development. He has worked with many national governments and
nongovernmental sport and disability sport organizations in North
America, the Caribbean, southern Africa, and central Asia.
As a consultant, Higgs is currently involved in the redevelopment of the
Caribbean Coaching Certification Program and the design, development,
and implementation of a youth sport program in the Caribbean to reduce
the incidence and impact of HIV/ AIDS. Higgs is working to transform the
Canadian sport system with the goals of decreased negative medical
consequences of physical inactivity and increased international sport
performance for Canada’s athletes.
Higgs is a frequent presenter at international conferences and has
authored more than 60 publications on physical literary, long-term
athlete development, and coaching with special emphasis on individuals
with disabilities.
In 2013 Higgs was the inaugural recipient of the International
Paralympic Committee’s Sport Science Awards and also received the
Queen’s 60th Jubilee Medal for community service to Canada in support of
reducing physical inactivity. He is a professor emeritus at Memorial
University of Newfoundland in Canada. Higgs resides in Sydenham,
Ontario, Canada.
“An indispensable guide for any coach or parent concerned with making
sport healthier and more ethical. This book brings fresh ideas to the
practice of sport and truly represents thinking outside the box. As
human beings, we only have one body so we need to treat it well. Too
many athletes leave sport with long-term injuries and a record of
underperformance. The ideas in this book can change that and allow
everyone in sport to get the most out of talents and ambitions.”
Jim Denison-- Professor, University of Alberta, Director,
Canadian Athletics Coaching Centre
“The authors show that programs of sport and wellness can be
complementary, not mutually exclusive. Thus, long-term athlete
development is consistent with the goals of North American
initiatives—Sport Canada, the President’s Council on Fitness, Sports,
and Nutrition.”
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