Rotterdam, February 2010 --- In this World Cup year, when soccer passions are running high, supporters might be forgiven for objecting to every decision to award a foul against their team, made by referees. But they might also have a point.
Researchers at Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University have researched all recorded fouls in three major soccer competitions over seven years. They discovered an ambiguous foul is more likely to be attributed to the taller of two players, and have detailed their findings in the February issue of the Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology.
Dr. Niels van Quaquebeke and Dr. Steffen Giessner, scientists at Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University began their research by transferring their insights from decision making in business into the arena of sports. Specifically, they wanted to investigate whether people consider the available information in such ambiguous foul situations in an unbiased, i.e. subconsciously unprejudiced, way. Based on evolutionary and linguistic research which has revealed that people associate the size of others with concepts such as aggression and dominance, Van Quaquebeke and Giessner speculated that ambiguous fouls are more likely to be attributed to the taller of two involved players. Results indicate that taller people are more likely to be perceived by referees (and fans!) as foul perpetrators and their smaller opponents as foul victims.
To put their assumption to a test, the scientists analysed all fouls recorded by Impire AG in seven seasons of UEFA Champions League (32,142 fouls) and German Bundesliga (85,262 fouls), the last three FIFA World Cups (6,440 fouls) as well as data from two additional perceptual experiments with soccer fans. For all seasons, leagues, and data collection methods, their analyses revealed the same picture confirming their initial assumption: taller people are indeed more often held accountable for fouls than shorter ones – even when no actual foul was committed.
Van Quaquebeke said: “We chose soccer as the context of our studies because the sport often yields ambiguous foul situations in which it is difficult to determine the perpetrator. In such situations, people must rely on their “instincts” to make a call, which should increase the use and thus the detectability of a player’s height as an additional decision cue. Furthermore, the use of referee assistance technology and adequate referee training is frequently debated in association soccer. Thus, by providing scientific insights on potential biases in refereeing, our work might help officials weigh the options.” Both researchers say, however, that it is not their call how to derive conclusions for soccer practice.
Further discussion and commentary on this study can be found at the New York Times’ soccer blog.
For more information on the Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, please visit www.HumanKinetics.com/journals.
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